英文学术写作有很多种引用格式,有的学校或者学院会指定首选的引用格式。然而无论哪种格式,对于留学小伙伴们来说都是比较陌生的。今天小编就为大家献上,史上最全英文论文引用格式详解!还有模板供大家参考哦!
目前在英语国家最广泛使用的引用系统有以下几种:
The Harvard System(澳洲和英国广泛使用)
Chicago System(简略版被称作Turabian 格式)
Modern Language Association of America (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
American Medical Association (AMA)
英文论文引用格式——APA格式
APA格式指的是美国心理学会(American Psychological Association,简称APA)出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》。
它起源于1929年,到目前为止已经更新至第六版,总页数也已经超过400页,里面详细规范了文章的页面格式(行间距、字体、字号、页边距等等)、图表表格\参考文献等等,极为全面。
APA主要用于心理、教育及社会科学等学科。其规范格式主要包括文内文献引用(Reference Citations in Text)和文末参考文献列举(Reference List)两大部分。
APA格式强调出版物的年代(Time of the Publication Year)而不大注重原文作者的姓名。引文时常将出版年代置于作者缩写的名( the Initial of Author’s First Name)之前。
文献引用Reference Citations in Text
单一作者
格式应为“(作者姓氏(非首字母),发表年份)”。若作者姓名在文章中已被提及,只需标出年份就好(若需要可加上页数),仍需使用括号。多位作者以上同理。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
两位作者
作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。若两个作者都在括号内引用,名字中间需加上“”符号;若不在括号内则使用“and”。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
3至5位作者
第一次引用时需列举全部的作者,往后若引用相同的文献,只需举出最主要的作者,再加上“et al.”。但是,在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).
6位作者以上
举出第一位作者即可,格式应为“(作者 et al.,年份)”。在参考文献部分,全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
多篇文献,同一作者
若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献,只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份(最早到最晚依序排列)。若多篇文献在同一年内发表,请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。(按:abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应,而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。)
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b). Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism
多篇文献,多位作者
根据上一个的规则,并且使用分号隔开。排序先依照作者姓氏的字母,接着是发表年份。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Alford, 1995; Pauling, 2004, 2005; Sirkis, 2003)
直接引述
格式与前述无不同,一样为“(作者,年份,页数)”。
When asked why his behavior had changed so dramatically, Max simply said “I think it’s the reinforcement” (Pauling, 2004, p. 69).
参考文献列举(Reference List)
在参考文献部分,APA格式规定部分的人名必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,包括名(first name)的前缀。
单一作者著作的书籍:
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
两位作者以上合著的书籍:
Smith, J., Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
文集中的文章:
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
期刊中的文章(连续页码):
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God’s long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(非连续页码):
Rottweiler, F. T., Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊杂志中的文章:
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
报纸中的文章:
Wrong, M. (2005, August 17). Misquotes are “Problematastic” says Mayor. Toronto Sol. p. 4.
政府官方文献:
Revenue Canada. (2001). Advanced gouging: Manual for employees (MP 65–347/1124). Ottawa: Minister of Immigration and Revenue.
针对电子文献、网站和线上文章,APA格式的网站上有订定一些基本的规则,第一就是提供读者详细的文献内容来源,第二为提供其有效的参考来源。
网络文章的打印版本
Marlowe, P., Spade, S., Chan, C. (2001). Detective work and the benefits of colour versus black and white [Electronic version].Journal of Pointless Research, 11,123–124.
电子期刊的文章(只有网络版的期刊)
Blofeld, E. S. (1994, March 1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture.Felines Felons, 4,Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址
电子短信(newsletter)的文章
Paradise, S., Moriarty, D., Marx, C., Lee, O. B., Hassel, E., et al. (1957, July). Portrayals of fictional characters in reality-based popular writing: Project update.Off the beaten path, 7(3). Retrieved October 3, 1999, from 网页地址
单篇线上文献(无作者及著作日期)
What I did today.(n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2002, from 网页地址
从大学课程或系上网站取得的文献
Rogers, B. (2078).Faster-than-light travel: What we’ve learned in the first twenty years.Retrieved August 24, 2079, from Mars University, Institute for Martian Studies Web site: 网页地址
从数据库搜寻的期刊文章的电子复制版本(3至5位作者)
Costanza, G., Seinfeld, J., Benes, E., Kramer, C., Peterman, J. (1993). Minutiaelig; and insignificant observations from the nineteen-nineties.Journal about Nothing, 52,475–649. Retrieved October 31, 1999, from NoTHINGJournals database.
电子邮件或其他个人通讯(限定文字)
(A. Monterey, personal communication, September 28, 2001).
储存于光碟的书籍
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [CD]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.
储存于录音带的书籍
Nix, G. (2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr [Cassette Recording No. 1999-1999-1999]。New York: Random House/Listening Library.
英文论文引用格式——MLA格式
MLA是Modern Language Association的缩写,是美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,同时也是北美大学英文论文写作最常用的一种参考文献格式,目前已经出了第8版。相比APA,CMS等格式来说,MLA论文格式更加严谨,更加常用。
文学类论文通常使用MLA格式。
MLA文内引用和Harvard文献格式以及APA文献格式都有很大的不同,MLA格式使用的是“作者姓+页码”的组合,举例来说:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).
或者
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
如果引用的材料存在多个作者(人数超出三人)的情况,MLA格式需要使用“et al.”的缩略写法:
引用作者人数未超过三人: The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).
或者
Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
引用作者人数超过三人: According to Franck et al, “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
或者
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
如果引用同一个作者的不同文献,则在文内引用中需要加上文献的名称。
同一作者的两篇文章:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child’s second and third year (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).
同一作者的两本书 :
Murray states that writing is “a process” that “varies with our thinking style” (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to “carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another” (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
在MLA 参考文献格式中,主要有两种类型的文献,Print (书籍和期刊)和Web (网页引用内容),这些都必须要在文末的Works Cited中标注出来。另外,每条引用条目还需要次行缩进。
书籍引用
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.
范例:
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.
Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.
期刊引用
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, pages.
范例:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
网页引用
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).
范例:
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.
Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
最后我们需要再提醒一下大家,MLA格式在2016年4月份更新至第八版。大家在使用MLA引用格式的时候,务必确定老师要求的格式版本。
接下来我们为大家详细介绍MLA格式第八版新的要求。
接受使用作者的化名来替代作者的真实姓名。
例如:
@WSJ. “Generation X went from the most successful in terms of homeownership rates in 2004 to the least successful by 2015.” Twitter, 8 Apr. 2016, 4:30 p.m., twitter.com/WSJ/status/718532887830753280
引用期刊时,需要加上vol.和no.来表示期刊的期刊数和卷号。
MLA 8th 引用期刊
Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo, vol. 24, no. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 620-26.
MLA 7th 引用期刊
Kinkaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo 24.2 (Spring 2001): 620-26. Web.
在引用网络信息时,需要包含网站链接。在之前的MLA格式要求中,对网站链接没有明确的规定。但是在MLA第八版本中,明确指出了需要包含网站链接。即使网站信息更新了,读者也可以通过链接找到相关的信息。注意在引用URL时不需要包括 “http://” 或者“https://”。
在引用期刊或者是网站时,可以省略出版信息。
MLA第八版本在引用书籍时,省略了出版城市。只有在不同国家/地区发行的版本不同时,才需要在引用中指出出版的城市。
MLA 8th 引用书籍
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.
MLA 7th 引用书籍
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.
论文引用格式—Chicago格式
Chicago格式由芝加哥大学出版社于1906年首次发行,目前已经更新至第17版。Chicago格式广泛应用于图书、杂志、报纸以及人文科学领域。
这一格式的标准是《芝加哥引注格式使用指南》(The Chicago Manual of Style)。也有很多学者把凯特杜拉宾(Kate Turabian)编写的《学期、学位、学术论文写作指南》(A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations)作为参考。
所以,Turabian格式实际上可以理解为芝加哥格式的简略版。
Chicago Style实际上有两种形式,第一种是脚注形式,这种引注形式常用于人文学科,如文学、历史和艺术学科等。另一种形式是用作者和年份的引注格式。
这种引注形式常于科学学科,如历史、在自然和社会科学等。第一种脚注形式更为常见,因此我们在这里详细介绍。
1、书籍
脚注格式:
First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
范例:
Jack Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Viking Press, 1958), 128.
Scott Lash and John Urry, Economies of Signs Space (London: Sage Publications, 1994), 241-51.
对应文末引用格式:
Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
范例:Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York: Viking Press, 1958.
Lash, Scott, and John Urry. Economies of Signs Space. London: Sage Publications, 1994.
2、期刊文章
范例:
Susan Peck MacDonald, “The Erasure of Language,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 619.
对应文末引用格式:
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title volume, no. issue (year of
publication). Page-page.
范例:
MacDonald, Susan Peck. “The Erasure of Language.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.
3、网页引用
脚注格式:
范例:
对应文末引用格式:
Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Website Title. Month Date, Year of publication. Publication/Updated Month Date, Year OR Accessed Month Date, Year of access. URL.
范例:
Limer, Eric. “Heck Yes! The First Free Wireless Plan is Finally Here.” Gizmodo. October 1, 2013. //gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-plan-is-finally-here-1429566597
论文引用格式—Harvard格式
Harvard顾名思义是哈佛大学的论文参考文献标准,全名为:哈佛注释体系(Harvard System)。在英国和澳洲等国家运用得比较多,尤其在物理和自然科学领域。
根据Harvard体系,每一个引文,无论直接还是间接,都应分别在两处注明:在文中引用处注明;在全书或全文最后的参考书目(bibliography)处注明。
哈佛格式有两种形式,一是Author-Date系统,一种是脚注系统。其中Author-Date系统更为常见,因此我们在这里详细介绍。
文内引用
文中的引文通常包括作者的姓名(仅姓氏)和出版年份。此信息通常包含在文中引用部分之后的括号内。
Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple phrases such as, “… he turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald, 2004).
如果文本中已经给出了原作者的姓名,则括号中只需要包含出版年份即可。
Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby considered Nick Carraway a close friend (2004).
如果是直接的引用或者是对某一页具体的内容进行了引用,我们还需要给出具体的页码,这样读者可以找到引用部分所在的特定位置。
Knapper and Cropley (1991: p. 44) believe that the willingness of adults to learn is affected by their attitudes, values and self-image and that their capacity to learn depends greatly on their study skills.
如果作者是两位或者是三位时,需要列出所有作者的姓氏。当有多位作者时,通常会给出第一作者的姓氏,然后加上et al.。
“A range of values can express emotion, too. Stark, high-contrast drawings may carry a strong emotional charge” (Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).
“Rather than constantly seeking approval from others, try to seek approval from the person who matters the most – yourself” (Bardes, Shelley and Schmidt, 2011).
Potter et al. (2013) go on to explain that “among the most Catholic Filipinos, parents keep the newborn inside the home until after the baptism to ensure the baby’s health and protection.”
对于口头陈述类文献,比如讲座,引用格式通常与已发表的作品完全相同,并应提供演讲者的姓名和演讲日期。
Recent research on the origins of early man has challenged the views expressed in many of the standard textbooks (Barker, 1996).
如果引用的想法或信息是个人对话,如与讲师或导师的讨论,则引用格式如下:
The experience of the Student Learning Centre at Leicester is that many students are anxious to improve their writing skills, and are keen to seek help and guidance (Maria Lorenzini, pers. comm.).
‘Pers. comm.’是personal communication的缩写,我们在引用中如此标记即可,无需给出多余的信息。
如果无法找到作者信息,则只需要在括号中包括文本标题即可。
Lisa wasn’t scared, she was simply shocked and caught off guard to notice her father in such a peculiar place (Lost Spaces, 2014).
参考文献列表
使用哈佛格式时,所有引用的参考文献必须包含完整的出版物详细信息,并按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如果同一个作者有多个文献,则按照日期先后顺序排列;如果作品是在同一年,则按照标题的字母顺序排列,并且在文内引用括号内用字母标注(a, b,c)。
书籍引用
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).
范例:
Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the chocolate factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.
Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering Computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.
大家可以看出,引用的文献信息应该包括:
两位作者的姓氏和名字或缩写;出版日期;书名;出版地;出版商的名称。
注意书名应该使用斜体。当引用的书籍有多位作者时,在文献列表中应该列出所有作者的名字。这一点需要和文内引用作区分。
期刊文章
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue), Page(s).
范例:
Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today, 59(2), pp. 269-290.
Dismuke, C. and Egede, L. (2015). The Impact of Cognitive, Social and Physical Limitations on Income in Community Dwelling Adults With Chronic Medical and Mental Disorders. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(5), pp. 183-195.
由此可见,需要包括期刊的名称和期刊号,而不需要包含出版商和出版地。另外,使用斜体的应该是书名和期刊名,而不是文章标题。
网页引用
互联网越来越多地被用作信息来源,参考互联网资源与参考印刷资源同样重要。与印刷资源相比,互联网上的信息变化迅速,网址有时候会发生变化甚至无法访问。
因此,在引用网页时,我们需要包含网页的作者(可能是个人,团体或组织)、页面发表日期(大多数网页的日期位于页面底部)、标题、 网页地址、以及访问网页的日期。
Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
如果没有列出网页作者,则使用以下的格式:
Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
范例:
Messer, L. (2015). ‘Fancy Nancy’ Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC News. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-optioned-disney-junior-2017/story?id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter [Accessed 31 Mar. 2015].